The political, economic, and social landscape of Germany
changed radically between German unification in 1871 and the end of World War
II in 1945. Many events took place, which shaped not only the future of Germany
as a nation, but also the identities and views of the people. These events
included World War I, its aftermath, the rise and fall of the Weimar Republic,
and the rise of The Third Reich and World War II. One event that really stood
out to me was the 20th of July movement and the impact that it had.
German WWI Propaganda Poster - source |
The German people met the start of World War I with much
excitement and feelings of national pride. Propaganda called it “the spirit of
1914” (p191). The German people also finally had military commanders they could
look up to and find hope in: Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff, which
brought unity. Where political parties had brought disunity in the past, they
now brought people together as they all supported the government. Under the
surface, however, severe food shortages threatened internal cooperation.
Delegates signing the Treaty of Versailles - source |
Example of art during the Weimar Republic - "The Family" by Max Beckmann - 1920 - source |
Though the National Socialists were delighted, the majority
of Germans met Hitler’s appointment with apathy. Though he now controlled the
government, he did not have control over the minds of the people. Without the
people behind him, his dictatorship could not be firmly established. Hitler
utilized two methods in gaining support. The first was through state terror,
censorship, and forced emigration of anything or anyone he deemed threatening
to the new regime. On the other hand he created benefits, like jobs and
recreation, for his chosen people. He also appealed to the emotions and
traditions of the people, like associating himself with Frederick the Great.
For the Arian race, the Hitler regime brought unity and feelings of
nationalism.
Axis Powers - Red Allied Powers - Blue source |
Hitler's conference room in the Wolf's Lair following the 20th of July bombing - source
One event I found particularly interesting was
the 20th of July plot. In 1944, a group of men staged a coup and attempted
to assassinate Hitler. They also tried to stage an uprising and take control of
key positions of power within the Nazi regime. The plan failed, however, and
the conspirators and some of their relatives were brutally tortured and killed.
Though the attempt did not come to fruition, the different classes working
together during the plot brought a sense of community and a common standard for
political and social groups. The 20th of July movement left a legacy
that is still visible in Germany today. (800)
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